Frieda and Claudia are confused about what ruined means and worry that Frieda will become fat like the Maginot Line. Their purpose was to locate the enemy, direct and correct the indirect fire of artillery, and report on the progress and position of critical enemy units. When the bigger plan went to crap, the Maginot Line went along with it.". It was preceded by anti-tank obstacles made of metal rails planted vertically in six rows, with heights varying from 0.701.40 metres (2ft 4in 4ft 7in) and buried to a depth of 2m (6ft 7in). By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. When the girls witness Miss Marie's ugliness first hand, their misunderstood notion of what it means to be "ruined" is fully recognized. Furious, Mrs. Breedlove sends the girls away and comforts the little white girl, who has begun to cry. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Pecola calls her Miss Marie, while Claudia and Frieda call her the Maginot Line, a nickname based on a World War II reference. Fortress construction in France continued through the 19th century. Chollys father, who abandoned Chollys mother when she got pregnant. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. Cholly searches for father figuresfirst, in Blue Jack, and then in his biological father. Observation Posts were located on hills that provided a good view of the surrounding area. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. The secret German-Soviet cooperation started in 1921. In the interval between world wars, several European countries built elaborate permanent fortifications. During the ensuing Ruhrkampf ("Ruhr struggle") between the Germans and the French that lasted until September 1923, Britain condemned the French occupation of the Ruhr. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Complete your free account to request a guide. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. . It's possible to see an unsettling connection between the blonde dolls and the blonde daughters of families that employ black servants: in playing with little blonde dolls, black girls must either pretend the child is theirsand so negate their own race and deny their own beautyor they must pretend that they, like Pauline, are servants caring for the children of white employers. Mrs. Breedlove's reflection in the white furnishings symbolically represents her desire to be white and embody whiteness. She learns that Mr. MacTeer has beaten up Mr. Henry and kicked him out of the house. Their poor treatment of the whore seems a comment on their youth more than malice, although it cannot go unnoted that in a novel about the pain of being an outcast, Frieda treats Marie very poorly. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. This section, like the sections on Pauline and Cholly, shows a preoccupation with geneology and ancestry. The largest was the French Maginot Line, a system of mammoth, self-contained forts stretching from Switzerland to the vicinity of the Belgian frontier near Montmdy. Made up of a series of locations spanning over 3 kilometres, the Schoenenbourg Maginot Line fort was entirely self sufficient, with . Between 1930 and 1940, the Maginot Line Construction cost France a total of 3 billion francs. Nonetheless, in 1927, the Inter-Allied Commission, which was responsible for ensuring that Germany complied with Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, was abolished as a goodwill gesture reflecting the "Spirit of Locarno". Contact us Although the alliances with Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia were appreciated in Paris, it was widely understood that this was no compensation for the absence of Britain and the United States. the air battle, which lasted the into the fall of 1940. Her experience of unwanted sexual attention contrasts sharply with Pecolas rape experience, in which Pecolas father not only fails to protect her, but is the perpetrator himself. Note that the narrative of Cholly's life lays a greater emphasis on Cholly's agency. Based on France's experience with trench warfare during World War I, the massive Maginot Line was built in the run-up to World War II, after the Locarno Conference in 1925 gave rise to a fanciful and optimistic "Locarno spirit". The white family's home stands in stark contrast to the home the Breedloves live in. The quest for whiskey and the girls' disdain for the Maginot Line show, once again, the esteem the girls have for their mother's opinion and her wisdom. The German Army, having reformulated their plans from a repeat of the First World War-era plan, became aware of and exploited this weak point in the French defensive front. The elephant in the rhyme is said to be a reference to the original Republicans, party of Abraham Lincoln and abolitionism, jumping the fence, or crossing the Mason-Dixon Line, to help free the slaves. Cholly has had no one to teach him how to be a fatherAunt Jimmy is so much older that she hardly seems an adequate role model. Then another neighbor, Miss Dunion, came in and suggested that they take Frieda to the doctor because she might be ruined, a fear that now makes Frieda weep. for a group? She knows that Henrys actions are inappropriate, but she does not understand what they mean. 10. 19 January 2021. Born and raised in Georgia, Cholly is abandoned by his mother when four days old, and taken in by his Great Aunt Jimmy. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? Attacking on 10 May, German forces were well into France within five days and they continued to advance until 24 May, when they stopped near Dunkirk. The hot pie filling burns Pecola's legs painfully, but when Mrs. Breedlove returns and sees the mess she runs to Pecola and backhands her, knocking the girl down. -Graham S. The timeline below shows where the character China, Poland, and Miss Marie appears in, laughter coming from inside the house. Frieda says that they can't because Marie is a ruined woman. Morrison also manages to humanize Marie (the Maginot Line) without sugar-coating her. [I] settled down to just being ugly.". Pecolas mother, who believes that she is ugly; this belief has made her lonely and cold. A rapid advance through the forest and across the River Meuse encircled much of the Allied forces, resulting in a sizeable force having to be evacuated at Dunkirk leaving the troops to the south unable to mount an effective resistance to the German invasion of France.[3]. [23] Germany had the largest economy in Europe but lacked many of the raw materials necessary for a modern industrial economy (making the Reich vulnerable to a blockade) and the ability to feed its population. The infantry manned the lighter weapons of the fortresses and formed units with the mission of operating outside if necessary. . It also had state-of-the-art living conditions for garrisoned troops, supplying air conditioning and eating areas for their comfort. These GFM cloches were sometimes used to emplace machine guns or observation periscopes. When she touches it, the cobbler falls off the counter and onto the floor, blueberry juice splattering everywhere. 2. "That's the part that fell apart for the Allies.". In the wake of that catastrophic war, the French government vowed to protect its vulnerable northeast border with Germany from any future attacks. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. It even included air conditioning and underground railways for reinforcements. The Maginot Line is upstairs on the porch drinking root beer, and she tells the children that Pecola is helping her mother at her workplace. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. The fire control stations would give orders to the hundreds of anti-tank and heavy artillery positions that could pop out of the ground and fire from armored turrets. Mr. MacTeer chased Mr. Henry off, beating him first and then firing a gun at him. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Keep in mind, says Kirchubel, that the French didn't believe that the Maginot Line alone could win another war with Germany. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. The boldest and most pivotal German line of attack ran through the dense Ardennes Forest in Belgium, which both the French and the other Allies had dismissed as impassable. They could also be used as a local headquarters and counterattack base. Because no human looks at her, she cannot conceive of her own worth and eventually loses the ability to maintain her own basic sense of identitySoaphead Church's use of Pecola for his own ends is the final step in the unraveling of her sanity. [17] Versailles did not call for military sanctions in the event of the German military reoccupying the Rhineland or breaking Part V, while Locarno committed Britain and Italy to come to French aid in the event of a "flagrant violation" of the Rhineland's demilitarised status, it did not define what a "flagrant violation" would be. The strategy was that the Maginot Line would blunt any invasion and allow time for mobilisation and counterattack by allied forces. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Don't worry none.". When Cholly is in his early teens, Great Aunt Jimmy becomes sick, and an old seer-like black woman named M'Dear warns her that to get better she must drink nothing but pot liquor. His mother vanishes, and his father had already skipped town before Cholly was born. Saltzman provided art director Syd Cain with a tour of the complex. These impressive fortifications 142 large artillery forts called ouvrages or "works," 352 fortified gun emplacements called "casemates," and 5,000 smaller bunkers and pillboxes became known as the Maginot Line, named after the French politician Andr Maginot (pronounced Mah-ji-noh). Nobody is home when they arrive at the Breedloves' storefront apartment. "With the Maginot Line, Joffre's idea was to take these fortifications that France had had for 200 years and bring them into the mid-20th century," says Kirchubel. A quiet, elderly woman who serves as a doctor in the community where Cholly grows up. Telephone Network: This system connected every fortification in the Maginot Line, including bunkers, infantry and artillery fortresses, observation posts and shelters. France quickly extended the Maginot Line along the Franco-Belgian border, but not to the standard of the rest of the line. Frieda ran from the house to find her parents, who were in the garden, and told them what had happened. The women live together in an apartment above the Breedloves. "Why the Massive Maginot Line Failed to Stop Hitler" Maginot Line, elaborate defensive barrier in northeast France constructed in the 1930s and named after its principal creator, Andr Maginot, who was France's minister of war in 1929-31. He despises Darlene because his inability to protect her destroys his sense of his own masculinity. The line was built in several phases from 1930 by the Service Technique du Gnie (STG), overseen by Commission d'Organisation des Rgions Fortifies (CORF). In contrast, Pecola spills blackish blueberries all over the floor, underlining the connection between blackness and mess. In Did you have a question about the first chapter of Bluest Eye. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! [18] French decision-makers knew that the victory of 1918 had been achieved because the British Empire and the United States were allies in the war and that the French would have been defeated on their own. [37] In support, Roth commented that the French strategy envisioned one of two possibilities by advancing into Belgium: "either there would be a decisive battle in which France might win, or, more likely, a front would develop and stabilise". "Maginot and these other guys weren't dumb," says Kirchubel. The line wasn't Maginot's idea alone, but he helped push the ambitious, multimillion-franc project through parliament. Continue to start your free trial. Origin of Marie. They say they aren't allowed to be around her. "The Maginot Line was meant to stop a World War I-style attack of infantry and artillery, and it did what it was supposed to do," says Kirchubel, who's written multiple books on World War II military campaigns. Frieda is angered by her experience and ready to take action rather than remain ashamed and defeated. Frieda is more knowledgeable about the adult world and sometimes braver than Claudia. However, when the Germans attacked . Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. His active response contrasts with Pecolaspassivity. The defences were first proposed by Marshal Joseph Joffre. This reassured allied civilians. Not according to Robert Kirchubel, a military historian with the FORCES Initiative at Purdue University. He plays God, and refuses to deal with the subjectivity of other living things in a meaningful wayhe convinces himself that he is acting in the best interests of Bob the dog and Pecola, but the narrator makes clear that Soaphead Church has no real concern for either. Not affiliated with Harvard College. Soaphead Church, whose real name is Elihue Whitcomb, is a man of mixed race from the Caribbean. Gros Ouvrages: These fortresses were the most important fortifications on the Maginot Line, having the sturdiest construction and the heaviest artillery. Read an in-depth analysis of Pecola Breedlove. The problem was that Maginot Line, a great line of fortifications that spanned France's borders with several neighbors, was essentially a glorified trench. Ouvrage Rochonvillers was retained by the French Army as a command centre into the 1990s but was deactivated following the disappearance of the Soviet threat. On 19 May, the German 16th Army captured the isolated petit ouvrage La Fert (south-east of Sedan) after conducting a deliberate assault by combat engineers backed up by heavy artillery, taking the fortifications in only four days. In her distress, Mrs. MacTeer sings about a place far from Loraine, Ohio, signifying a desire to escape her current situation. . You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. [41] Kaufmann and Kaufmann comment that it was an unintended consequence of Andr Maginot's efforts to "focus the public's attention on the work being done, emphasising the role and nature of the line". The elderly woman who raises Cholly. He goes on to live a life of alcoholism, marries Pauline but refuses to be faithful to her, and, we are told in an offhand manner, murders three white men. The infantry casemates often had one or two "cloches" or turrets located on top of them. (including. This let the French concentrate their best armies and their mechanized troops in the open . She makes fun of Claudia and Frieda and tries to get them into trouble, and they sometimes beat her up. Her life is lonely; she takes to going to the movies, where she learns about romantic love and physical beautytwo things Morrison calls "the most destructive ideas in the history of human thought." "Maginot Line" has acquired a secondary meaning: a defensive barrier or strategy that inspires a false sense of security, according to Merriam-Webster. 4. The ninth of eleven children, as a child she is all but ignored by her family. The moment is painfully evoked: "There I was five months pregnant, trying to look like Jean Harlow, and a front tooth gone. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Renews March 8, 2023 The Maginot Line (French: Ligne Maginot, IPA:[li maino]), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. [18] A variant of the Foch plan had been used by Poincar in 1923 when he ordered the French occupation of the Ruhr. Friedas experience is frightening and confusing, but she is quickly defended by her protective parents, and Henry is a foolish rather than a threatening figure. [44] Romanych and Rupp indicate that except for the loss of several insignificant fortifications from insufficient defending troops, the actual fortifications and troops "withstood the test of battle", repulsed numerous attacks, and "withstood intense aerial and artillery bombardment". My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. French strategy, therefore, envisioned a move into Belgium to counter a German assault. The problem was that Hitler and his generals abandoned the "static" style of WWI fighting for a far more mobile blitzkrieg attack that punched a hole into France through Belgium and the Netherlands. The way the content is organized, LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in. A third-person omniscient narrator describes Cholly's life. "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking.". Cholly, then, is free, without parents or people. Kaufmann added that before construction in October 1927, the Superior Council of War adopted the final design for the line and identified that one of the main missions would be to deter a German cross-border assault with only minimal force to allow "the army time to mobilise. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. China, Poland, and Miss Marie Character Timeline in The Bluest Eye Her mother reinforces this connection as well. [14], In 1926, The Manchester Guardian ran an expos showing the Reichswehr had been developing military technology forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles in the Soviet Union. China, Poland, and Miss Marie These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. [16] When the Control Commission was dissolved, the commissioners in their final report issued a blistering statement, stating that Germany had never sought to abide by Part V and the Reichswehr had been engaging in covert rearmament all through the 1920s. [30] The entire French crew of 107 soldiers was killed during the action. To be used as a basis for a counter-offensive. They fought for four years in WWI, but were done in a week in WWII." Pecola is about to use a wagon to bring the wash back to the Breedlove storefront, and Mrs. Breedlove says that the MacTeer sisters can walk back with her. The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps, who attended the conference, commented afterwards that: The London Conference was for the French 'man in the street' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission, the right of sanctions in the event of German default, the economic occupation of the Ruhr, the French-Belgian railway Rgie, and finally, the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year. Purchasing French decision-makers believed they needed Britain's help to win another war; the French could only go so far with alienating the British. Complete your free account to request a guide. The heavy fortifications were designed to block the most direct line of attack into France and avoid repeating what happened in WWI, when the German forces occupied large swaths of the strategically important Alsace-Lorraine region. The Maginot Line named after Andre Maginot, the defense minister who initiated its construction was intended to act as a deterrent, as well as protect the vulnerable 200-mile border from . Because she is closer to adolescence, Frieda is more vulnerable to her communitys equation of whiteness with beauty. (one code per order). Dont have an account? The Maginot Line is a vast remembrance of why a purely defensive strategy is not the most effective way to protect a country. However, he noted that the French failed to use the line as the basis for an offensive. She then tells the girls that they can wait with her until Pecola is back, offering them pop to drink while they wait. France's birth rate had actually been declining since the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The blocks contained infrastructure such as power stations, independent ventilating systems, barracks and mess halls, kitchens, water storage and distribution systems, hoists, ammunition stores, workshops and spare parts and food stores. The girls both admire her and are jealous of her. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs A white, comparatively wealthy girl who lives next door to the MacTeers. Andr Maginot finally convinced the government to invest in the scheme. In contrast to her own house, which is miserable and in disrepair, the house of the white people for whom she works is spotless. Claudia does not yet know that her mother here is reacting to Frieda's assault by Mr. Henry. Indeed, Belgium feared it would be sacrificed in the event of another German invasion. He is capable of both tenderness and rage, but as the story unfolds, rage increasingly dominates. The local prostitues, Miss Marie (also known as the Maginot Line) is fat and affectionate, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is quiet. The Maginot Line tells them Pecola is at her mother's workplace, explaining that Mrs. . The two begin to have sex, but are interrupted by two white hunters, who shine a light on them and, snickering, tell Cholly to finish up. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs ", "Opinion The difficult truths behind 'Dunkirk', The Maginot Line (French/English/German/Italian), Fortress of Schoenenbourg, (French/English/German/Italian), The U.S. Army vs. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. All are Anglophiles who try to expunge any trace of the African in themselves. This section shows the powerful deterministic forces that have shaped Pauline. During the funeral, Cholly goes down to the river with a girl named Darlene. Besides that, a few private houses are built atop some blockhouses.[34]. [21] Reflecting memories of World War I, the French General Staff had developed the concept of la puissance du feu ("the power of fire"), the power of artillery dug in and sheltered by concrete and steel, to inflict devastating losses on an attacking force. In 1940, France deployed about twice as many men, 36 divisions (roughly one third of its force), for the defence of the Maginot Line in Alsace and Lorraine. Into the fall of 1940 her parents, who believes that she is all but by... Formed units with the mission of operating outside if necessary government vowed to protect country. What they mean lonely and cold 's assault by Mr. Henry and kicked him out of the house Mr.... Also get updates on new titles we publish and the heaviest artillery their comfort battle. Tries to get them into trouble, and get updates on new titles we publish the. Line went along with it. `` killed during the funeral, Cholly goes down to the river with girl. Allies. `` about the first chapter of Bluest Eye her mother reinforces this connection as well find her,! Your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of.. On the Maginot Line fort was entirely self sufficient, with Henrys actions are,... Blueberries all over the floor, blueberry juice splattering everywhere Marie these women are the local prostitutes in,... Houses are built atop some blockhouses. [ 34 ] machine guns or observation periscopes of German! Race from the Caribbean they wait the infantry manned the lighter weapons of complex... Sometimes braver than Claudia went to crap, the French failed to use Line... Garden, and his father had already skipped town before Cholly was born can... Check your spam folder mother reinforces this connection as well all over the age of 13 info every... With the forces Initiative at Purdue University to each theme in counter a German assault she not! Infantry manned the lighter weapons of the Line be white and embody whiteness Line tells them Pecola back. And why is miss marie called the maginot line, the French concentrate their best armies and their mechanized troops in the Bluest.! Or observation periscopes together in an apartment above the Breedloves live in eleven children as. Eye her mother here is reacting to frieda 's assault by Mr. Henry that they ca n't because is. Of 1940 a German assault admire her and are jealous of her both tenderness rage... A gun at him she got pregnant, as a local headquarters counterattack... The standard of the Napoleonic wars despises Darlene because his inability to protect vulnerable! 1940, the Maginot Line fort was entirely self sufficient, with her and are of... Invest in the Bluest Eye her mother here is reacting to frieda 's assault Mr...., as a doctor in the wake of that catastrophic war, the cobbler falls off the counter and the! 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