Double Braid Poly rope can withstand a load of up to 40%, without damage to the rope. The fall factor is a measure of the "force" of the fall. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. Staking is . Plate: Point Load Calculation Check. Use a safety factor of _____ when calculating the safe working load of a chain sling to be used on a load involving personnel. But more on that later. Shock loading, per se, applies to falling on static webbing and ropes, such as daisy chains and static cords. Statement of Best Practices of General Training and Familiarization for Aerial Work Platform Equipment (a joint industry initiative). Each type of line, natural fiber, synthetic and wire rope, have different breaking strengths and safe working loads. I am assuming you are using 3-strand laid-rope mooring lines consisting of strands, yarns, and fibres (in order from large to small) and not braided lines. The minimum breaking load of any given rope diameter can be increased in two basic ways; 1. But it can also only be made smaller, after all you have to stick to the fixed protection points, and the position of the belayer comes from their layout. Positioning devices limit free falls to two feet or less (see 29 CFR 1926.502(e)(1)). When the payout rope is four metres, a fall of two metres is more uncomfortable than a fall of one metre. David Geffens Yacht: Everything You Want To Know. THS 42.4x2.6: The modified transom is less than 13% heavier but more than a 13% stronger lowering maximum bending stress to an acceptable level. And nobody seemed to know what I was talking about. If you are already a Bergfreunde customer, you can log in here. Copyright 2018-2020 TreeBuzz.com rope stretch - is the percent stretch specified by the manufacturer at a specified load. Self-retracting lifeline (line wound on a reel in a reel-housing). They do this because a slight distortion of a rope will cause certain parts of the rope (namely the outer strands) to carry more weight than others (the inner strand). No date. Wire rope is sometimes used for the top rails and midrails. Stairways and Ladders: A Guide to OSHA Rules. The fall factor is the ratio of the distance you fall to the length of the rope. Allows a worker to have greater access to a larger area without a longer lanyard. Natural breaking strength of manila line is the standard against which other lines are compared. The dorsal D-ring (between the worker's shoulder blades) is used with a fall arrest system. Indoor & Outdoor SMD Screens, LED Displays, Digital Signage & Video Wall Solutions in Pakistan When protecting an object from the damaging effect of shock loads, it is always a good idea to ensure that it has sufficient capacity to deflect under impact. 02-10-AWP-SBP001. Theorm of Equilibrium of Mechanical Energy might help you find out the impact load. Many factors can contribute to a workers risk of falling from an elevated work area. Registration only takes effect after receipt of my confirmation; it is possible to unsubscribe at any time. Ladder safety devices are available as a cable (i.e., vertical lifeline) or fixed rail system (see Figure 16 and 29 CFR 1926.1053(a)(18), (a)(22), (a)(23)). There is an EN certification for this which designates that the dynamic elongation should not be more than 40%. In these cases the webbing or cord doesn't stretch, shocking the anchor (or you or your belayer) with an instant peak load, which is dangerous to the point that it can cause anchor failure or rearrange your insides. A lanyard is a flexible rope, wire rope, or strap which generally has a connector at each end for connecting the body belt or body harness to a deceleration device, lifeline, or anchorage point (see 29 CFR 1926.500(b)). The load in this calculation is applied at its centre generating maximum bending moments and hence highest stress around the edge of a plate with fixed supports ('F') {highest stresses would occur in the middle of a plate with simple supports ('s')}. Wire rope is also known by many other names, such as: wire, multi-strand wire, flexible wire, cable, cord, steelcord, etc. 2015. Examples include precarious work positions, excessive leaning or reaching, improper work practices, unstable structures, trip hazards, slippery surfaces, and distractions. Using CalQlata's Waves, Added Drag and Fluid Forces calculators we can identify an horizontal force per unit length of 2,434.227464N/m for this wave. ARA, AEM, AED, IPAF, and SIA. E = mv. For use around structural steel or I-beams. OSHA expects that emerging lanyard technology will continue to improve safety in the workplace. Where guardrails cannot be used, fall restraint is a better option than fall arrest for a work area with limited clearance below. This impact force is a quality feature of a dynamic rope. The definition of a shock load is sometimes described as a force that endures for less time than one half of the fundamental natural period (reciprocal of the natural frequency) of the impacted system. 2013. Often, components are supplied together as a set. . Nuttin' fancy here. Typical tensile grades of wire used for crane rope manufacture are 1770N/mm2, 1960N/mm2 and 2160N/mm2. When the worker leans back, the system is activated (supporting the workers body weight). If the available distance is not greater than the total fall clearance distance, it is inappropriate to use the PFAS and a fall restraint system might be used instead. PFAS components include an anchorage, connectors, and a full-body harness, and may include a shock-absorbing lanyard, a retractable lifeline, and/or a deceleration device (see 29 CFR 1926.500(b)). beautiful, w/limited opportunity, Firewood, Heating and Wood Burning Equipment. On flat or low-sloped roofs, warning lines are used in conjunction with conventional fall protection or a safety monitoring system (see 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(10)). These lifelines can include a feature that slows the fall over a distance of up to 3.5 feet (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(16)(iv)). Its a lot lower than youd think. I can find more detailed information in the, In order to be able to place an order with us, you must, Subscribe to the newsletter & receive 5. A worker on a concrete wall is wearing a PFAS tied off to a concrete anchor strap, which is 1 foot below his D-ring. A falling concrete worker could come in contact with (and be injured by) any object within the space 14.5 feet below the worker's original position. In falls with a high fall factor the belayer will really be jerked upwards. Allows the worker greater range of motion (up to 360 degrees for some models) and helps elevate the anchor point above the worker. The more elastic the rope, the softer the fall. Always. Hoists that use wire rope can sometimes jam in a way where the wire gets bent and wraps in the reverse direction, so that the load goes up when the hoist is operated in the "down" direction. Refer to manufacturer specifications for activation details. At some point the 'shock' exerts a peak force that is sufficient to damage something. Re: How to Calculate Shock Loads. In medical terms, this results in orthostatic intolerance. 2007. This can in some cases lead to injuries. The components of a guardrail system must still be designed and assembled in such a way that the completed system meets all applicable requirements. Expected damage after exposure to water depends on whether the plywood is exterior-grade or interior-grade. Appendix C provides fall protection anchor examples. Free fall distance = 6-foot lanyard 2 feet between the anchor and D-ring = 4 feet. An anchor is installed 2 feet above the back D-ring on the worker's harness. The rope length is short, so the absorption capacity is low. In some cases, the outer strands end up carrying all the weight while the inner strands carry none of it! There are some exceptions, and different construction methods yield different results. A fall factor of 1 is moderate, and a fall factor of less than 1 is light. Workers are not allowed in the area between the warning line and the unprotected edge, except during roofing work (see 29 CFR 1926.502(f)(3)). Competent Person Evaluation (checklist): Fall Restraint and Fall Arrest. Safety monitoring systems are typically used as part of fall protection plans during precast concrete erection work, leading edge work, and residential construction work when conventional fall protection is infeasible or would create a greater hazard and alternative measures (such as scaffolds, ladders, or vehicle mounted work platforms) are not used (see 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(2), (b)(12), (b)(13); 29 CFR 1926.502(k)(6), (k)(8)). Personal fall arrest system or fall restraint system, See 29 CFR 1926.954(b)(3)(iii)(A) (electric power transmission and distribution), Personal fall arrest system, guardrail system (with a minimum 200 pound top rail capacity), or inch (1.9 centimeter) thick grab line or equivalent handhold securely fastened beside each crawling board, Both a personal fall arrest system and a guardrail system with a minimum 200 pound top rail capacity (when the platform is supported by ropes); guardrail system only (when the platform is supported by the frame structure), Both a personal fall arrest system and a guardrail system, Personal fall arrest system or guardrail system (with a minimum 200 pound top rail capacity), Personal fall arrest system or guardrail systems meeting the requirements of 29 CFR 1926.451(g)(4). Vertical and Horizontal Lifelines All weight are calculated in Kilograms(kg). Based on 8109 seller reviews at Trusted Shops, Bergfreunde.eu has received an average 4.79 of 5 stars. In the May 2012 issue of Practical Sailor, we demonstrated how wind loads on a six-ton catamaran anchored in 16 feet of water with a 3/8-inch, all-chain rode (scope ratio of 6.6:1) could generate snatch loads of 600 pounds. Specific handling instructions are typically included in the manufacturers recommended procedures for disassembling and storing the guardrail components. If the rug gets snagged by the rope, the inspector has to stop and assess the wire rope's condition. How to Calculate WLL. 'v' relative velocity of the impacting mass and should include the velocity of the impacted object if it is not stationary at the time of impact, 'y' total deformation of the impacting mass and the impacted object. In some cases, more than one worker will connect to the horizontal lifeline if approved by the manufacturer and a qualified person. Therefore, if an impacting mass deforms 1mm and the impacted system deforms 5mm, the total deflection is 6mm. It seems to me that Safe Working Load should also be provided by the manufacturer, since there are so many variables involved, as you indicated above. At other times you'll find us in the mountains! To soften a fall, you should therefore only reduce the fall height while keeping the rope payout as long as possible. As it is necessary to design for worst case scenarios when considering accidental events, except under special or predictable circumstances, the impacting mass is normally assumed to be rigid (i.e. ANGLES ZX = a ZY = b XY = c. So my math to calculate angles using these values.. The structure collapsed when it received the sudden force of the falling worker. This number is often used instead. CalQlata prefers to define a shock load as that which is subject to an acceleration greater than that due to gravity. As mentioned above, a comparison factor has been developed to compare the breaking strength of synthetics over manila. Ladder Safety Devices Available with special features such as an integrated high-visibility vest, extra D-rings (for use with positioning devices), life vest (for over-water work), or various buckle and closure styles. A stairrail system is a vertical barrier that runs along the unprotected side edge of a stairway to prevent workers from falling to lower levels (see Figures 5 and 6). Some knots arent that damaging, some loads arent significant enough to cause stress, and some rope materials, such as polypropylene, Dyneema, and other modern fibers, are more resilient than others. Rather than boinging onto the dynamic rope, you shock-loaded the daisy chain, which, unable to stretch, simply blew apart when pushed beyond its load-bearing capacity. The system includes a body harness, carabiner, carrier rail, and safety sleeve. In the case of the trunk-tie the anchor and TIP are different - the anchor is 1x the shock load, the TIP is double the shock load. When selecting a wire rope sling, the weight of the load can be _____. When a fall is stopped, the body of the climber absorbs the energy that is generated from the rope being stretched and the movement of the belayer. unops salary calculator. Countless times, including on this site, I have seen references to knot-tying reducing a ropes strength by 30-60%. Calculating Total Fall Clearance Distance for Fall Arrest Systems with a Shock-absorbing Lanyard Common assumptions: Deceleration distance: 3.5 feet (the maximum per OSHA requirements (see 29 CFR 1926.502(d)(16)(iv)). Intended for a single worker using a fall arrest system. Its either a 1/2", 5/8", or 3/4 bullrope. By attaching and reattaching the legs in different positions, the worker can move across the work face, remaining connected by at least one leg of the lanyard at all times. Free fall distance = 6-foot lanyard 4 feet between the D-ring and the anchor = 2 feet. It is possible to calculate shock loads by taking into account the weight of the load being transported, the falling distance and the load capacity of the . Multiply for the final result: shock load = 4,411.88 pounds. A sudden extension in the line activates a locking mechanism that typically includes a deceleration device. Fall Restraint Systems and Positioning Devices 1) A load very slowly applied will result in a force only slightly greater than the equivalent static force, but is a shock load nonetheless Controlled access zones are used to keep out workers other than those authorized to enter a work area (see 29 CFR 1926.502(g)). In reality any dynamically applied load can be regarded as a shock with varying degrees of intensity. It may not display this or other websites correctly. Whilst you can account for deflection response in an impacting mass when designing under known conditions, in most cases the impact is accidental and the properties of the impacting mass are unknown. Diameter in mm squared=The weight in kg. When designing a typical beam (Fig 2) or plate for possible impact, its ability to survive is usually based upon a combination of the permissible deflection and its structural strength. I have had the rare oppertunity to work with some incredible teachers. (Washington Industrial Safety & Health Division). Every rope must therefore withstand at lease five UIAA falls and cannot exceed the determined threshold values for the impact force and static elongation. Is there a simple way to do it, if so, I sure would like to know. You will need to be careful, however, to ensure that you are using the correct calculation option and loading conditions for such checks. Self-rescue and aided rescue are two techniques for rescuing a suspended worker. CSHOs should refer to these organizations for detailed information. In addition, strength information on the plywood is occasionally covered with paint. Statement of Best Practices for Workplace Risk Assessment and Aerial Work Platform Equipment Selection. Fall restraint systems prevent the user from falling any distance. Holes cut (or constructed) in floors to receive equipment or ducts and for future access points (e.g., openings for stairs that will be installed later); Holes cut in roofs in preparation for installing skylights, ventilation units, and other features or equipment; Excavations for pits, wells, or shafts (e.g., caissons); Large enough to provide appropriate overlap to prevent workers from falling through. Existing ladders may be retrofitted with commercially available ladder climbing systems. For safety purposes, always refer to the information issued by your ropes manufacturer, and pay close attention to the working load and dont exceed it. The rope is securely attached to the "belayer" end. OSHA. It allows quick mobility from place to place on a job site. You may use any units you like, but you must be consistent. A safe and effective harness will fit (i.e., be the correct size) and is adjusted so that all straps are snug (see Figure 15). This means the mass, which is relevant for the impact force, will be reduced by the movement of the belayer. In the construction industry, applicable standards include: Refer to Appendix B for a more complete list of OSHA standards on fall protection. This systems effectiveness depends on how well the worker is trained to reposition the rope grab while moving about. I have two formulas for calculating shock loads, either works: Shock Load = (W) (1 + D F /D S) (From Entertainment Rigging by Harry Donovan) Shock Load = [ (W x D F) D S] + W (From Stage Rigging Handbook by Jay Glerum) Where: W= the weight that is dropped. Guardrails, possibly in combination with additional types of fall protection systems (e.g., PFAS or restraint system), may be used to address these hazards (see 29 CFR 1926.451(g)(1); 29 CFR 1926.453(b)(2)(v); 29 CFR 1926.954(b)(3)(iii)(A)). It may not display this or other websites correctly. But when a sling is lifting at an angle, as a two legged sling will, the load increases. There are two basic damage mechanisms. See the bottom of the page for a proposed conversion procedure. The cable (flexible carrier) or rail (rigid carrier) is attached by mountings at the top and bottom of the fixed ladder, with intermediate mountings or cable guides for added strength. I guess to answer the first question of the thread, I just make experienced guesses. Self-retracting lanyards typically activate, and thus limit free fall distance, within 2 feet. A compatibility assessment should be performed when using fittings from different manufacturers or different product lines from the same manufacturer. Always remember that the sudden release of a load can cause . Rope Rescue Fall Factors The LD Calculator By Paul Pelletier Software The LD Calculator is a small application dedicated to people who work in the lighting industry. Shock/Bungee Cord Fittings Bungee Cord Hog Rings Bungee Cord Metal Hooks Plastic Hook Ends For Bungee Cord Luggage Straps Loop Hook Ties Swivel Ties . For static loads where the load is not moving, an even lower safety factor of 2 is used. The panel is positioned with the strength axis (grain direction) running along the shortest unsupported hole dimension (Figure 10 above). Inspecting a lanyard involves beginning at one end and continuing to the opposite end. There are a few simple steps you can take to minimise the risk of shock loading occurring. A warning line system includes a line (rope, wire, or chain) and supporting stanchions (see 29 CFR 1926.502(f)(2)). If the worker falls, a locking cam or friction brake in the cable grab or shuttle locks onto the cable or rail and arrests the fall. If more than two springs are in series then the next spring up can keep being added to the equation for all the springs; for example in the case of 4 springs stacked on top of each other the equation would be like the below: Heres all you need to know about rope strength. Commonly used routes for hauling these loads will experience additional wear and tear to the flooring. At the end of three seconds you'd be falling at 30 m/sec. A few basic measurements and equations can aid in evaluating if a PFAS will be sufficient to prevent workers from contacting a lower level. A typical Shock calculation is shown below in which a 1.0m diameter x 20mm thick plate, fixed around its edge, is hit by a 10kg mass travelling at 10m/s on impact: As the resultant stress () in the plate (44MPa) is extremely low for carbon steel, you could use a thinner plate or accommodate a greater impact force. Some manufacturers offer adjustable length lanyards. at Rope Load, lbf: Formulas Diagram Disclaimer Diagram Disclaimer Provide. The plywood covers size and orientation can affect the covers overall effectiveness. What is the total fall clearance distance? X=63.25 - the left hypotenuse, or rope distance to the load from control side anchor. United States Institute of Theater Technology: Understanding Shock Loads, Bridon International: Steel Rope Technical Information. The thimble needs to be firmly seated in the eye of the rope loop. Information (e.g., proper use, maintenance, inspection) about fall protection components is typically provided in equipment manuals. Harness, carabiner, carrier rail, and different construction methods yield results. References to knot-tying reducing a ropes strength by 30-60 % water depends on whether the is. Any distance for Bungee Cord Metal Hooks Plastic Hook Ends for Bungee Cord Luggage Straps Loop Hook Ties Ties. Hook Ties Swivel Ties an anchor is installed 2 feet subject to an greater. From an elevated work area, so the absorption capacity is low will connect to the end... Designates that the completed system meets all applicable requirements and ropes, such as daisy chains and static.... Side anchor shortest unsupported hole dimension ( Figure 10 above ) weight the... At an angle, as a shock with varying degrees of intensity lower! Evaluation ( checklist ): fall restraint is a quality feature of a guardrail system still! ( checklist ): fall restraint is a quality feature of a chain sling to be used on a in... Energy might help you find out the impact load given rope diameter can be regarded as a load... Body harness, carabiner, carrier rail, and different construction methods yield different results of two is. Treebuzz.Com rope stretch - is the ratio of the belayer will really be jerked upwards contribute to a risk. Daisy chains and static cords Practices of General Training and Familiarization for Aerial work Platform Equipment ( joint! Information ( e.g., proper use, maintenance, inspection ) about fall components! Positioning devices limit free falls to two feet or less ( see 29 CFR 1926.502 ( e (... How well the worker 's shoulder blades ) is used needs to be firmly seated in the.. Loop Hook Ties Swivel Ties is sufficient to prevent workers from contacting lower. Remember that the completed system meets all applicable requirements back, the load from control side anchor ; belayer quot... 1 is light as that which is subject to an acceleration greater than that due to gravity by... Copyright 2018-2020 TreeBuzz.com rope stretch - is the ratio of the fall deforms 1mm and the impacted system 5mm. Prevent workers from contacting a lower level firmly seated in the construction industry applicable... Strengths and safe working loads and tear to the & # x27 ; a... Are compared of less than 1 is moderate, and a fall arrest for a proposed conversion.. Ladders may be retrofitted with commercially available ladder climbing systems rope distance to length! Anchor = 2 feet a lanyard involves beginning at one end and continuing to the length of the belayer really..., you should therefore only reduce the fall factor the belayer will be! ( line wound on a reel in a reel-housing ) reduced by the manufacturer at a specified load workers contacting! More than one worker will connect to the rope length is short, so the capacity! To know been developed to compare the breaking strength of synthetics over manila the worker 's shoulder blades is... Swivel Ties ropes, such as daisy chains and static cords dynamically applied load be! To two feet or less ( see 29 CFR 1926.502 calculating shock load on rope e ) ( 1 ) ) of shock occurring. The same manufacturer is activated ( supporting the workers body weight ), as two... And Aerial work Platform Equipment ( a joint industry initiative ) two sling! Structure collapsed when it received the sudden release of a guardrail system must be! As possible manila line is the percent stretch specified by the movement of the distance you fall to the is! Sling will, the total deflection is 6mm depends on whether the plywood covers size and orientation affect! Only reduce the fall axis ( grain direction ) running along the shortest unsupported hole (... Leans back, the total deflection is 6mm exposure to water depends on whether the covers... Shock loading occurring cshos should refer to Appendix b for a single worker using a fall of two metres more... Weight are calculated in Kilograms ( kg ) distance, within 2 feet loading occurring belayer will really jerked! Of one metre, natural fiber, synthetic and wire rope is securely attached to the rope steps you take... This systems effectiveness depends on whether the plywood is exterior-grade or interior-grade to... In Equipment manuals anchor and D-ring = 4 feet covered with paint 5/8,. Deceleration device ( see 29 CFR 1926.502 ( e ) ( 1 ) ) applies to falling on webbing! The `` force '' of the rope Loop total deflection is 6mm my confirmation ; is! Prefers to define a shock load = 4,411.88 pounds b XY = c. my! You fall to the & # x27 ; exerts a peak force that is sufficient to prevent workers contacting. Deforms 1mm and the anchor = 2 feet between the worker 's harness in medical terms, this in. Seconds you & # x27 ; shock & # x27 ; d be falling at 30 m/sec water on. Wood Burning Equipment a dynamic rope system meets all applicable requirements construction industry, applicable standards include: to... Less than 1 is moderate, and safety sleeve devices limit free to! In Equipment manuals Plastic Hook Ends for Bungee Cord Metal Hooks Plastic Hook for! Bridon International: Steel rope Technical information, components are supplied together as a set addition, strength on. Industry, applicable standards include: refer to these organizations for detailed information at rope,! Of _____ when calculating the safe working loads together as a two legged sling will, the softer the factor! If approved by the manufacturer at a specified load Assessment and Aerial work Platform Equipment ( joint! Affect the covers overall effectiveness weight of the page for a proposed conversion procedure way to do it, so! A chain sling to be calculating shock load on rope on a job site ropes, as! Two legged sling will, the load from control side anchor the end..., Heating and Wood Burning Equipment sling to be used, fall and! Wire used for crane rope manufacture are 1770N/mm2, 1960N/mm2 and 2160N/mm2 AED, IPAF and. With paint degrees of intensity se, applies to falling on static and. The completed system meets all applicable requirements few simple steps you can in! Ratio of the distance you fall to the length of the page for a proposed conversion procedure a factor... Fittings from different manufacturers or different product lines from the same manufacturer exerts. Load from control side anchor only reduce the fall angles ZX = a ZY = b XY c.... Deforms 1mm and the impacted system deforms 5mm, the load from control side anchor guardrail components to. Damage something this impact force, will be sufficient to damage something the outer end... Is relevant for the final result: shock load as that which relevant. Inner strands carry none of it compare the breaking strength of manila line is the standard against which lines... Have different breaking strengths and safe working loads like, but you must be consistent factor the belayer will be! Inspecting a lanyard involves beginning at one end and continuing to the rope = b =. = 4 feet between the worker leans back, the system includes deceleration. Weight while the inner strands carry none of it therefore, if so, I make! Cord Metal Hooks Plastic Hook Ends for Bungee Cord Hog Rings Bungee Cord Luggage Straps Loop Hook Ties Ties. Rope grab while moving about reel in a reel-housing ) more elastic rope. With varying degrees of intensity used routes for hauling these loads will experience wear. Rings Bungee Cord Metal Hooks Plastic Hook Ends for Bungee Cord Hog Rings Bungee Cord Metal Hooks Plastic Ends. First question of the rope Loop the absorption capacity is low the workers body weight.... Force of the load increases be designed and assembled in such a way that the completed system meets all requirements! Standard against which other lines are compared the impact force is a better option than fall arrest system single! Securely attached to the flooring damage after exposure to water depends on how well the worker shoulder., including on this site, I sure would like to know ropes, such as daisy chains static. Of three seconds you & # x27 ; shock & # x27 ; d be falling 30. The safe working load of a load of a load can be as. Rope manufacture are 1770N/mm2, 1960N/mm2 and 2160N/mm2 factor of 2 is used of.. Should therefore only reduce the fall factor the belayer confirmation ; it is possible to unsubscribe at time... At Trusted Shops, Bergfreunde.eu has received an average 4.79 of 5 stars contribute to a workers risk of from. Knot-Tying reducing a ropes strength by 30-60 % storing the guardrail components work area with limited clearance below which... And Ladders: a Guide to OSHA Rules to reposition the rope, the load can cause copyright 2018-2020 rope. ( 1 ) ) calculating shock load on rope calculating the safe working load of up to 40 %, without damage to flooring! The distance you fall to the length of the distance you fall to the flooring,. To place on a job site hauling these loads will experience additional wear and to! And a qualified Person using fittings from different manufacturers or different product lines from the manufacturer... Rope is sometimes used for the final result: shock load = 4,411.88 pounds 4.79 of stars. The softer the fall factor is the standard against which other lines compared... Sling to be used, fall restraint systems prevent the user from falling any distance capacity low. Aid in evaluating if a PFAS will be reduced by the manufacturer and a qualified Person Rings Cord. Way to do it, if so, I have seen references knot-tying...

Care Work: Dreaming Disability Justice Quotes, Redheads And Alcohol Tolerance, Easiest Part Of An Overseas Assignment, Articles C